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The demand for raw materials, in particular, for those classified as critical materials, has increased considerably due to the ongoing energy transition and the corresponding surge in the use of renewable energy technologies. In this context, this review paper analyses literature on reserves, resources, and production data of critical mate- rials, which are required for the energy transition, to understand the connection between the present criticality definition and long-term sustainability. The link to long-term sustainability was studied by applying bell curve production projections. The analysis shows that the present criticality concept and classification is predomi- nantly a reflection of a short-term local political construct, which may be consumption- or production-driven, or a mixture of both, depending on the classifying country. Based on material databases and the corresponding logistic production bell curves, severe limitations of primary supply could emerge from materials, such as antimony, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, indium, molybdenum, nickel, silver, and zinc within two de- cades. Furthermore, all studied materials are projected eventually to be severely crit

Author

Vitalii Lundaev,A.A. Solomon,Tien Le,Alena Lohrmann,Christian Breyer

Publisher

Elsevier Ltd

Language

EN