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The transition to a low-carbon energy future requires large amounts of many raw materials. Some of these materials are deemed critical in terms of their limited availability, concentrated supply chain networks, asso- ciated environmental impact, and various social issues. Acknowledging the significant dependency on raw materials for future energy scenarios, this paper presents a systematic review of the existing literature to identify the barriers, solutions proposed and the current research gaps associated with the supply of a range of critical chemical elements. The focus was mainly on evaluating supply risk in light of raw material availability and contemporary extraction technologies. Results indicate that a transition to a low-carbon energy system is possible, but will require efforts to address supply concerns, and strategic planning. A key risk mitigation strategy is increasing material circularity, especially to cope with the growth in demand for cobalt in lithium-ion bat- teries, platinum used in fuel cells and electrolysers, iridium used in electrolysers and dysprosium used in per- manent magnets. Copper was found to be possibly the most concerning critical element due to

Author

Mashael Kamran,Marco Raugei,Allan Hutchinson

Publisher

Elsevier Ltd

Language

EN