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This document presents more accurate equations and graphs for determining the ground resistance of a footing in a substation yard with a thin surface layer of gravel. The standard IEEE equations give conservative results and have larger errors when the gravel layer depth is small and the resistivity ratio of gravel to soil is high. Two models of the footing are analyzed: a circular plate and a rectangular plate. More accurate equations are derived that take into account the non-homogeneous soil profile due

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