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Theory On The Origin of The Isthmus of Panama by Anthony Coates by moonsunlight03 is a document available to read on EtoBox.

The Isthmus of Panama formed due to tectonic processes and closed definitively between 4 and 3 million years ago, significantly impacting both continental and marine biology through the Great American Biotic Interchange and allopatric speciation. The closure also altered global ocean circulation, strengthening the Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation and contributing to climatic changes, including the onset of Northern Hemisphere ice ages. This geological event serves as a key example of how tectonic activity

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moonsunlight03

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EN