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Congenital cardiac defects are structural or functional abnormalities present at birth, with causes including genetic factors and prenatal exposure. The incidence of congenital cardiac lesions is estimated at 8 to 10 per 1,000 live births, with various classification systems based on physiological and hemodynamic characteristics. Common types include atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD), each requiring specific diagnostic and management approaches, including medical and surgical in

Author

Adel Elgamal

Language

EN