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## Fields beget particles and particles beget forces From day one of physics, theoretical physicists have been talking about forces (as was mentioned in chapter I.1.) But the notion of force has also been among the most mysterious. Where do forces come from? Why is the universe filled with four of them? Thus, it was with considerable satisfaction that physicists finally understood that forces originate from the quantum exchange of particles. This chapter is devoted to what this concept means. I pictured the atomic nucleus, back in chapter I.1, in terms of a contest between the strong and the electromagnetic interactions, the strong attraction between the nucleons (namely, the protons and neutrons) gluing them together versus the electric repulsion between the protons pushing them apart. A sporting contest of strength versus range: The strong interaction, while much stronger than the electromagnetic interaction, turns on only when the nucleons are literally on top of each other, while the electric repulsion is long ranged. I like to picture the nucleus as a boxing arena. One boxer, brawny and stocky, goes up against another, much weaker but with long arms (figure 1). For those reade

Publisher

Princeton University Press

Published

2022

Language

EN