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This document discusses the development of empirical and semi-empirical approaches for calculating earth pressures on retaining walls over the 20th century. Early observations by Christiani found that pressures on flexible walls were lower between supports due to stress redistribution through arching effects. Later experimental studies by Stroyer, Tschebotarioff, Rowe and Masrouri validated this, finding stress redistributed from areas between rigid supports to the support areas themselves. Increasing suppo

Author

Juaco Lozano Rada

Language

EN