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What is Water Hardness and Softening Techniques about?

This document discusses water softening through ion exchange processes. It defines hardness as being caused by multivalent cations like calcium and magnesium. The lime-soda process is described as adding lime and soda ash to precipitate calcium and magnesium carbonates and hydroxides out of solution. Ion exchange is also summarized as a process where sodium ions from a resin are exchanged for calcium and magnesium ions in hard water, softening it without adding minerals. Design considerations for ion exchan

Author

SUBHAM Kumar

Language

EN