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The document describes the renal system of birds. Birds have large, three-lobed kidneys that lack a urinary bladder. They have a unique renal portal system where venous blood from the hind limbs circulates through the kidneys before reaching the inferior vena cava. This system controls tubular secretion and the formation of urine, the end product of which is uric acid instead of urea. Birds also lack a clear distinction between the cortex, medulla, and pelvis.

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