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This paper critiques elite-centered narratives of Arabic and Islamic scholarship in Awadh, emphasizing the overlooked contributions of non-elite scholars from marginalized communities. It highlights the roles of Pasmanda ʿUlamāʾ in institutionalizing education, promoting adult literacy, and applying Islamic ethics to various trades. By employing a triangulated methodology, the study reconstructs a more inclusive intellectual history that acknowledges the agency of these scholars amidst systemic marginalizat
- Author
- Shabnam Saleema
- Language
- EN