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The document discusses various leveling methods used in surveying: 1) Direct or spirit leveling uses a spirit level and sighting instrument to measure vertical distances between points and establish elevations. 2) Reciprocal leveling takes readings in both directions between points to reduce errors from factors like curvature and refraction. 3) Profile leveling determines elevations at intervals along a linear project to plot profiles for design and construction. 4) Trigonometric leveling uses vertical ang

Author

Jerico

Language

EN