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Counting Rods: Ancient Numerical System by Tracee See is a document available to read on EtoBox.

Rod numerals were a positional numeral system used in China and Japan that represented numbers using the shapes of counting rods, with positive numbers written normally and negative numbers indicated with a slant bar. This system was later improved by Japanese mathematician Seki Takakazu and transformed mathematical notation, though eventually positional numeral characters replaced rods. Fractions were expressed by writing two rod numerals, one on top of the other, and calculations were performed using an a

Author

Tracee See

Language

EN