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This document discusses different types of lasers and laser pumping mechanisms. It describes ruby and Nd:YAG lasers in particular. Ruby was the first laser, operating in 1960 using chromium-doped aluminum oxide as the lasing medium. Nd:YAG lasers were demonstrated in 1964 using neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet. Both lasers use optical pumping via flash lamps to excite electrons to higher energy levels, creating population inversion and stimulating laser emission. Ruby operates as a three-level laser

Author

Diptiranjan Sahoo

Language

EN