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1) Two-, three-, and four-level systems are requirements for laser action, with four-level systems being the most efficient. 2) In a three-level system, atoms are pumped to a higher excited state which then rapidly decays to a long-lived metastable state, creating population inversion between this state and the ground state to enable lasing. 3) A four-level system is more efficient as pumping occurs to an upper excited state which then rapidly decays, while the lower laser level can quickly decay back t

Author

Dr-naser Mahmoud

Language

EN