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The gold foil experiment was conducted by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden under the supervision of Ernest Rutherford between 1908 and 1913. They bombarded a thin gold foil with alpha particles and observed that a small fraction of particles were deflected by large angles, even backwards. This unexpected result showed that the positive charge of an atom must be concentrated in a small nucleus at the center, rather than distributed uniformly throughout as previously thought. Rutherford concluded that the atom
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