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In pre-colonial Philippine society, there were three social classes that paid different levels of taxes. The highest class, the Tumao, which included datus or leaders, were exempt from paying taxes. The middle class, the Timawa, paid taxes which supported the datu. The lowest class, the Oripun/Alipin, were not expected to pay taxes for their services. Taxes paid to datus by the Timawa class were called "buwis" or "handug" and were paid in goods like crops, gold, silver or copper in order to fund the datu

Author

Kristina Cons

Language

EN