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Physics of Life Reviews, 54 (2025) 27-51. doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2025.05.008We advance a novel formulation of cognitive control within the active inference framework. The theory proposes that cognitive control amounts to optimising a precision parameter, which acts as Keywords:a control signal and balances the contributions of deliberative and habitual components of action selection. To illustrate the theory, we simulate a driving scenario in which the driver follows a Cognitive controlwell-known route, but encounters unexpected challenges. Our simulations show that a standard Attention to actionactive inference model can form adaptive habits; i.e., can pass from deliberative to habitual Active inferencecontrol when the context is stable, but generally fails to revert to deliberative control, when the Mental effortcontext changes. To address this failure of context-sensitivity, we introduce a novel type of hiDopamineerarchical active inference, in which a lower level is responsible for behavioural control and the higher (or meta-cognitive) level observes the belief updating of the lower level below and is responsible for cognitive control. Crucially, the meta-cognitive level can both

Author

Riccardo Proietti

Publisher

x

Published

2025

Language

EN