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Nitrate Reduction of Well Water by Reverse Osmosis and Electrodialysis - Studies on Plant Performance and Costs by R. Rautenbach; W. Kopp; G. van Opbergen; R. Hellekes is a Environmental Science article available to read on EtoBox.

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Reverse osmosis as well as electrodialysis are capable of reducing the nitrate content of well water to permissible limits. The specific treatment costs of both processes are almost identical, provided the concentrates can be discharged without costs and water losses are unimportant. An advantage of RO is its simplicity which is of special importance for small scale applications. The reliability of reverse osmosis has been proved by experiments with a pilot plant installed at a municipal waterwork. The pilot plant has been operated continuously for more than 27.000 hours without any noticeably decrease of selectivity.Electrodialysis is advantageous compared to reverse osmosis in cases, where a high water recovery is essential, for example in case of a subsequent evaporation of the concentrate. With polarity reversal and in combination with a crystallizer, water recovery rates of 99% are possible.In any case however "zero discharge" processes are expensive. In addition to the specific treatment costs of the membrane stage of about 0.35 DM/t product, 0.5-0.7 DM/t product have to be expected for the evaporation of the concentrate, even if the water recovery rate of the membrane stage

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Author

R. Rautenbach; W. Kopp; G. van Opbergen; R. Hellekes

Published

1987

Language

EN

Field

Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)