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This paper examines affective polarization (AP) in European party systems, highlighting its prevalence and implications compared to the United States. The author introduces the Affective Polarisation Index to measure and compare levels of AP across 22 European democracies and finds that Central Eastern and Southern Europe exhibit higher levels of hostility towards competing parties than the U.S. The study concludes that while ideological and affective polarization are correlated, they should be treated as d

Author

alpha2742

Language

EN