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breast cancer specific survival and overall survival in patients with locally advanced breast cancer who are considered being high-risk because of large tumours (>5 cm) and/or presence of axillary lymph node involvement. However, controversy is on-going with respect to the indication and the extent of RNI after omission of axillary lymph node dissection, and in case of earlier stage invasive tumours in the presence of risk factors including young age, premenopausal status, presence of lymphovascular invasion, high tumour grade, tumour size 2-5 cm or limited nodal involvement. Currently, radiation therapy is often applied to "compensate" for the decreasing extent of nodal and breast surgery, eliminating postoperatively remaining residual tumour cells while maintaining better aesthetic and functional results. As a drawback, however, the indications for the extent of radiation therapy have to be assessed on less extensive pathological staging as in the past. The evolution of our understanding of breast cancer biology, evolution and treatment has led to the progressive use of primary systemic treatment (PST), not only for locally advanced cases but also for early stages with minimal or

Who reads Standards in Breast Conservation and Oncoplastic Surgery?

Author

F. Fitzal

Publisher

Elsevier BV

Published

2021

Language

EN

Field

Medicine (Health Sciences)