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Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) are critical endocrine emergencies in diabetes that require immediate treatment to prevent mortality. DKA is characterized by absolute insulin deficiency leading to hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis, while HHS involves relative insulin deficiency with severe hyperglycemia and dehydration without significant ketosis. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation and laboratory tests, and treatment includes fluid resuscitation, insul
- Author
- Filippo Firenzuoli
- Language
- EN