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The document discusses the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) and its use for soft ground excavation. NATM uses shotcrete as a temporary support system to control ground movements during excavation. Key developments include the dual-lining system with a final concrete lining, and the shotcrete support system where the temporary shotcrete lining carries the same load as the permanent lining. NATM was pioneered for soft ground tunneling in the 1960s-1970s but differences emerged between European and Britis

Author

milan_popovic_2

Language

EN