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The lecture notes define Helmholtz free energy using the second law of thermodynamics and explore its implications for understanding system order. It explains how the entropy of the universe increases while the free energy of a closed system decreases until thermal equilibrium is reached. The notes also provide examples, such as the behavior of ice and water, magnetic materials, and protein folding, to illustrate the relevance of free energy in thermodynamic processes.
- Author
- akubunduchima
- Language
- EN