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This paper proposes a method for constructing composite indicators (CIs) using geometric mean index numbers with Benefit-of-the-Doubt (BoD) weights, focusing on the aggregation of sub-indicators derived from observed budget shares. The authors argue that their approach, which combines multiplicative aggregation with BoD-weighting, provides intuitive and robust results for comparing the performance of countries over time. The method is illustrated using social inclusion data from EU countries, highlighting i

Author

Helter Leitão

Language

EN