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1) Internal energy is a concept that represents the total energy of all microscopic motions and interactions within a thermodynamic system. It is not directly measurable but can be calculated from changes in heat and work. 2) The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of an isolated system and its surroundings remains constant - energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form. 3) For a closed system, the change in the system

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nnb

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EN