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Hypertension is diagnosed when systolic blood pressure is ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure is ≥90 mm Hg on repeated examinations. Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance, where cardiac output depends on heart rate and stroke volume. Essential or primary hypertension, which accounts for 95% of cases and has no definitive cause, involves multiple risk factors and pathways including the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, low renin lev

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yulia

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EN