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Singapore faces complex ground conditions for tunneling including mixed soils, weathered rock, and high groundwater. This presents challenges of soil squeezing, flow of granular soils, and sinkholes. Most tunnels see minimal settlement (<1%), but occasional sinkholes over 1.5m occur, usually where tunnels pass through mixed soil and rock interfaces. Current practice uses pressurized slurry shields for rock and EPB shields for soil, but occasional losses of slurry or foam also cause settlement issues. Carefu

Author

flashtron

Language

EN