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This document provides a review of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), focusing on its diagnosis, management, and clinical impact. HE is a spectrum of neurocognitive manifestations seen in patients with liver injury or portosystemic shunting. It ranges from minimal (covert) HE to overt HE. The pathogenesis of HE is multifactorial but increased ammonia levels play a key role, as ammonia bypasses the liver in advanced liver disease and is metabolized in the brain, causing astrocyte swelling and dysfunction. Curren

Author

julius billi

Language

EN