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## Ž . Ž . In the advance of fuel cell electric vehicles EV , hybrid electric vehicles HEV can contribute to reduced emissions and energy consumption of personal cars as a short term solution. Trade-offs reveal better emission control for series hybrid vehicles, while parallel hybrid vehicles with different drive trains may significantly reduce fuel consumption as well. At present, costs and marketing considerations favor parallel hybrid vehicles making use of small, high power batteries. With ultra high power density cells in development, exceeding 1 kWrkg, high power batteries can be provided by adapting a technology closely related to consumer cell production. Energy consumption and emissions may benefit from regenerative braking and smoothing of the internal combustion engine Ž . ICE response as well, with limited additional battery weight. High power supercapacitors may assist the achievement of this goal. Problems to be solved in practice comprise battery management to assure equilibration of individual cell state-of-charge for long battery life without maintenance, and efficient strategies for low energy consumption.

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Author

Günter Gutmann

Publisher

Elsevier Science; Elsevier ; Elsevier BV (ISSN 0378-7753)

Published

1999

Language

EN

Field

Engineering (Physical Sciences)