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What is Substituent Effects on Reactivity about?

Ortho and para-directing groups are electron-donating and activate the ring, while meta-directing groups are electron-withdrawing and deactivate it. Halogens exhibit dual behavior as they withdraw electrons and deactivate the ring, yet they also direct substitution to ortho and para positions due to their unshared electrons. This highlights the complexity of substituent effects on reactivity in organic chemistry.

Author

leen.may2006

Language

EN