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This document discusses calcium carbonate scale formation on heated metal surfaces in geothermal systems. Experiments were conducted flowing supersaturated calcium carbonate solutions through pipes made of various materials and heated to temperatures from 50-80°C. The initial scale formed on the pipe walls was vaterite, as determined through infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Surface energies increased with temperature from 36.7 to 59.2 mJ/m^2. The activation energy of 36 kJ/mole suggested a surfa

Author

Antoine

Language

EN