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This study analyzes 84 HVAC solution-sets for low-energy apartment buildings in Norway, focusing on life cycle cost (LCC) and energy use. It finds that ground source heat pumps offer the lowest energy use and LCC, while electric water heating and district heating systems are attractive due to low capital costs. The research emphasizes the importance of considering various HVAC parameters in cost-optimal assessments to ensure fair comparisons among systems.
- Author
- ogermanleonardoac
- Language
- EN