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The document describes 18 surveying instruments, including their functions, origins, and inventors. The Groma and Libella were developed by Roman surveyors to measure straight lines, right angles, and level surfaces. The Chorobates and Quadrans were also invented by early Roman and English surveyors for leveling and angle measurement. Modern instruments like the total station can measure both horizontal and vertical angles electronically.

Author

German Martin

Language

EN