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The document discusses various indices used to measure periodontal disease, including the Periodontal Index (PI) and Periodontal Disease Index (PDI). The PI, developed by Russell in 1956, was the first major index and assessed gingival inflammation, pocket formation, and tooth function on a scale of 0-8. However, it underestimates disease severity by not using a probe. The PDI, developed by Ramfjord in 1959, was intended to be a more accurate version of the PI for use in clinical trials by including evaluat

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