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The homogenous alternative to biomineralization: Zn- and Mn-rich materials enable sharp organismal “tools” that reduce force requirements by Schofield, R. M. S. (author);Bailey, J. (author);Coon, J. J. (author);Devaraj, A. (author);Garrett, R. W. (author);Goggans, M. S. (author);Hebner, M. G. (author);Lee, B. S. (author);Lee, D. (author);Lovern, N. (author);Ober-Singleton, S. (author);Saephan, N. (author);Seagal, V. R. (author);Silver, D. M. (author);Som, H. E. (author);Twitchell, J. (author);Wang, X. (author);Zima, J. S. (author);Nesson, M. H. (author) is a Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology article available to read on EtoBox.

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## Abstract We measured hardness, modulus of elasticity, and, for the first time, loss tangent, energy of fracture, abrasion resistance, and impact resistance of zinc- and manganese-enriched materials from fangs, stings and other “tools” of an ant, spider, scorpion and nereid worm. The mechanical properties of the Zn- and Mn-materials tended to cluster together between plain and biomineralized “tool” materials, with the hardness reaching, and most abrasion resistance values exceeding, those of calcified salmon teeth and crab claws. Atom probe tomography indicated that Zn was distributed homogeneously on a nanometer scale and likely bound as individual atoms to more than 1⁄4 of the protein residues in ant mandibular teeth. This homogeneity appears to enable sharper, more precisely sculpted “tools” than materials with biomineral inclusions do, and also eliminates interfaces with the inclusions that could be susceptible to fracture. Based on contact mechanics and simplified models, we hypothesize that, relative to plain materials, the higher elastic modulus, hardness and abrasion resistance minimize temporary or permanent tool blunting, resulting in a roughly 2/3 reduction in the forc

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Author

Schofield, R. M. S. (author);Bailey, J. (author);Coon, J. J. (author);Devaraj, A. (author);Garrett, R. W. (author);Goggans, M. S. (author);Hebner, M. G. (author);Lee, B. S. (author);Lee, D. (author);Lovern, N. (author);Ober-Singleton, S. (author);Saephan, N. (author);Seagal, V. R. (author);Silver, D. M. (author);Som, H. E. (author);Twitchell, J. (author);Wang, X. (author);Zima, J. S. (author);Nesson, M. H. (author)

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Published

2021

Language

EN

Field

Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)