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Immunostimulation by complete Freund's adjuvant, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, or interferon-γ reduces severity of diabetic embryopathy in ICR mice by Korawuth Punareewattana; Steven D. Holladay is a Medicine article available to read on EtoBox.

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## Abstract ## BACKGROUND Increased risk of fetal malformation is a complication occurring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes. Local (uterine) immune stimulation has been shown to reduce diabetes‐induced teratogenesis in mice. Limited information is available regarding the ability of diverse methods of maternal immune stimulation to cause this effect or regarding timing requirements of the immune stimulation. ## METHODS Diabetes was induced in pregnant ICR mice by streptozocin (STZ) injection. Three different techniques of maternal immune stimulation, complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), or interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), were then used to stimulate the immune system of the mice. ## RESULTS Approximately 50% of fetuses from hyperglycemic (>26 mM/liter blood glucose) dams were malformed, with neural tube defects predominating. Maternal immune stimulation during the time of normoglycemia, i.e., prior to the onset of hyperglycemia, was necessary to reduce teratogenic effects associated with hyperglycemia for each of the immune stimulants. The immune‐stimulated diabetic mice then produced significantly lower and approximately equal numb

Who reads Immunostimulation by complete Freund's adjuvant, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, or interferon-γ reduces severity of diabetic embryopathy in ICR mice?

Author

Korawuth Punareewattana; Steven D. Holladay

Publisher

John Wiley and Sons; Wiley (John Wiley & Sons); John Wiley & Sons Inc.; Wiley (ISSN 1542-0752)

Published

2004

Language

EN

Field

Medicine (Health Sciences)