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This chemistry colloquium document discusses the variable oxidation states of d-block elements. It notes that transition elements from titanium to copper can exhibit multiple oxidation states due to the small energy differences between their 3d and 4s sublevels. This allows them to form ions of similar stability by losing different numbers of electrons. The maximum oxidation state increases from titanium (+4) to manganese (+7) as more 4s and 3d electrons are available for bonding, then decreases from mangan

Author

Chen Yee Lee

Language

EN