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This document discusses two types of nonunion fractures: hypervascular and avascular. Hypervascular nonunions have a rich blood supply and are subdivided into "elephant foot", "horse hoof", and oligotrophic types based on their characteristics. Avascular nonunions have a poor blood supply and include torsion wedge, necrotic comminuted fragment, defect gap, and atrophic types based on features such as intermediate fragment necrosis or bone loss. Both types are further described and differentiated based on th

Author

Haidir Armansyah

Language

EN