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Electronic distance measurement (EDM) instruments measure distances by determining the number of full and partial waves of transmitted electromagnetic energy required to travel between two points. The first EDM instrument was introduced in 1948 and transmitted visible light over distances up to 25 miles. A second model from 1957 transmitted microwaves over distances up to 50 miles. Modern EDM instruments are combined with digital theodolites and microprocessors in total station instruments, which can simult

Author

ArvindaLall

Language

EN